Raid 5 Data Recovery Possible?

Originally, as envisaged in 1987 by Patterson, Gibson and Katz from the University of California in Berkeley, the acronym RAID stood for a "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks". In short a larger number of smaller cheaper disks could be used in place of a single much more expensive large hard disk, or even to create a disk that was larger than any currently available.

They went a stage further and postulated a variety of options that would not only result in getting a big disk for a lower cost, but could improve performance, or increase reliability at the same time. Partly the options for improved reliability were required as using multiple disks gave a reduction in the Mean-Time-Between-Failure, divide the MTBF for a drive in the array by the number of drives and theoretically a RAID will fail more quickly than a single disk.

Today RAID is usually described as a "Redundant Array of Independent Disks", technology has moved on and even the most costly disks are not particularly expensive.

Six levels of RAID were originally defined, some geared towards performance, others to improved fault tolerance, though the first of these did not have any redundancy or fault-tolerance so might not truly be considered RAID.

RAID 0 - Striped and not really "RAID"

RAID 0 provides capacity and speed but not redundancy, data is striped across the drives with all of the benefits that gives, but if one drive fails the RAID is dead just as if a single hard disk drive fails.

This is good for transient storage where performance matters but the data is either non-critical or a copy is also kept elsewhere. Other RAID levels are more suited for critical systems where backups might not be up-to-the-minute, or down-time is undesirable.

RAID 1 - Mirroring

RAID 1 is often used for the boot devices in servers or for critical data where reliability requirements are paramount. Usually 2 hard disk drives are used and any data written to one disk is also written to the other.

In the event of a failure of one drive the system can switch to single drive operation, the failed drive replaced and the data transferred to a replacement drive to rebuild the mirror.

RAID 2

RAID 2 introduced error correction code generation to compensate for drives that did not have their own error detection. There are no such drives now, and have not been for a long time. RAID 2 is not really used anywhere.

RAID 3 - Dedicated Parity

RAID 3 uses striping, down to the byte level. This adds a hardware overhead for no apparent benefit. It also introduces "parity" or error correction data on a separate drive so an additional hard disk is needed that gives greater security but no additional space.

RAID 4 - Dedicated Parity

RAID 4 stripes to the block level, and like RAID 3 stores parity information on a dedicated drive.

RAID 5 - The most common format

RAID 5 stripes at the block level but does not use a single dedicated drive for storing parity. Instead, parity is interspersed within the data, so after each run of data stripes there is a strip of parity data, but this changes then for the next set of stripes.

This could means, for example, that in a 3 disk RAID 5 there are data strips on disks 0 and 1 followed by a parity strip on disk 2. For the next set of stripes the data is on disks 0 and 2 with the parity on disk 1, then data on disks 1 and 2 with parity on disk 0.

RAID 5 is generally faster for smaller reads, so eminently suitable for server systems being shared by large numbers of users created smaller data files or accessing smaller amounts of data each time. For other applications, however, RAID 4 will outperform RAID 5 quite considerably.

Beyond RAID 5?

Advances on RAID 5 do exist, though in general these use RAID 5 techniques and enhance them, for example by mirroring two RAID 5 arrays, or by having 2 parity stripes.

RAID data recovery

It might be imaged that with all of this fault tolerance that data recovery would not be a requirement, but things will still go wrong.

With all RAID levels logical corruption, damage to the file system, has just as devastating effect as with a single hard disk. You might have a robustly stored file system, but it is a robustly stored and corrupted file system.

With RAID 0 the result of a failure of one disk is terminal for the RAID, if data cannot be recovered from the failed disk then a percentage of the data is lost for good, and since RAID uses data striping, this could be like losing 1 MB of data out of every 4 MB, and the chances of that leaving any major files intact are low. For smaller files, those less than the sum of a strip each from the working drive there will be files that are fortunately intact, for larger files (e.g. Exchange or SQL databases) there will be considerable data loss and structural damage and low level work will be required to salvage any useful data from them.

For RAID levels where there is parity and the chance to recover from a single disk failure then the most common problems were see are:

Degraded running

A single disk fails and is ignored, or there is not a spare available and so one is ordered. Either way the RAID unit stays in operation but with a disk missing so there is no longer any redundancy.

Usually the hard disks in a RAID are part of the same manufacturing batch, have been stored and run in the same environment, if the unit has been mis-handled then each disk in the RAID has been mis-handled. So, there is quite a good chance that another drive will fail sometime soon, if not for any of the reasons just given but because bad things don't happen singly.

Multiple failure

Striped RAID is fault tolerant if a single drive fails nice and cleanly. If multiple drives fail then the RAID is lost, but also if one drive fails and de-stabilises the SCSI bus. This can result in multiple drives appearing to fail, the RAID unit believes that they have failed, and so the RAID will not operate.

Configuration loss

When a RAID is configured information is stored about the order of the disks the size of a strip of data and so on. If there is a failure within the RAID controller and this information is lost then the RAID will no operate, and it is not always practicable to re-instate it.

Some RAID controllers will consider re-programming the RAID configuration as a rebuild request and re-write to each of the disks destroying the data.

People making it worse

One of the worst sounds we hear with RAID problems is that of human panic, and frantic attempts to repair the problem. "We're just going to try one more thing" is often the sound that signals the end of the data as a RAID is repaired with the disks in the wrong slots, or rebuild and set back to its original state.

What to do when a RAID fails

STOP
THINK
Make sure that anything you do is going to be non-destructive.
Get Advice

Do not let anyone push you into precipitous action, they might have a deadline and be applying pressure but they will quickly forget their part in driving proceedings when the RAID is fatally damaged by a hurried repair attempt.

How can data be recovered from a RAID?

Much of RAID recovery is the same as for a single disk recovery, data must be secured and backed up to guarantee that the problem will not be exacerbated. For logical problems the difficult work is all on the analysis of the file system, that it is from a RAID makes no major difference once the RAID scheme has been identified and the correct access to it worked out.

For mirrored RAID data can be "mixed and matched" from the good sectors of two drives to rebuild a good drive. With striped RAID schemes that use parity then data can be rebuild at the stripe level rather than on a per drive basis so if there are bad sectors throughout more than one drive these can be corrected individually.

With non-redundant RAID schemes each sector that cannot read from a disk results in data loss from the RAID set. For redundant RAID schemes, however, there is much that can be done to rebuild when data is missing. Whilst a RAID controller will take a disk off-line when it fails and operate in degraded mode rebuilding the data from the missing disk on demand, a data recovery process can be somewhat more sophisticated. With properly written recovery software the level of granularity can be one sector rather than one disk so for each sector that fails the data can be rebuild so long as all sectors can be recovered from the remainder of the disks. Even if the next failed sector is on a different drive in the set, so long as the same sector can be read from the other disks then a complete rebuild can be made.

For levels of RAID that have greater redundancy, the number of failed sectors across a set of disks can be even greater without data loss.

Even as data recovery specialists we are, however, still bound by the rules of mathematics. If sector 99 is missing from both disks 0 and 4 in a RAID5 set then rebuilding of the missing data is not a possibility.

Once the raid/disk issues have been resolved then the data recovery process can continue just as it would for a single disk.

Mark Sear has been involved in data recovery, data conversion, data migration and computer forensics since the early 1980s working as a data recovery engineer, software developer and up until 2006 as the Technical Director of one of the word's leading data recovery companies with offices in the UK, Germany, US and Norway. Along with other long standing technical specialists from the industry Mark founded Altirium Ltd in 2006 to provide technically led specialist data services with the emphasis on providing the right advice and services for the customer in an industry that has become increasingly sales led.

Credit Card Consolidation

Debt consolidation is a term you'll hear often in the adverts for loans - especially home loans. The idea is to take out a loan large enough to pay off your credit cards and other loans, then pay off the loan at a lower interest rate than you were paying on the credit cards. It's a logical leap - except for one thing. It works even better if you use the lowest interest rate loan available - 0% balance transfer credit cards.

0% balance transfer cards were the product of a competitive marketplace - the credit card marketplace. After years of growth in the credit card market, the providers found themselves in the position of having to entice customers from each other in order to keep on growing their market share. In order to do that, they came up with several schemes to make their credit cards more attractive than those of their competitors. Balance transfer credit cards are specifically designed to get you to shift your existing balance from one credit card company to another by offering you a better deal. And while 0% balance transfer credit cards are a bit more scarce than they were two years ago, they do still exist - and they've been joined by other low interest balance transfer credit cards schemes.

The Benefits of Credit Card Consolidation with Balance Transfer Credit Cards
There are a number of benefits to taking advantage of a balance transfer scheme to get control of your credit card debt.

1. Low (or no) interest slows down the mounting of your debt. If you've been carrying half a dozen balances on higher interest credit cards, chances are your minimum monthly payment doesn't even nibble at your outstanding balance. That's because credit card interest rates are designed to KEEP you in debt, not get you out of it. By moving all of your high interest balances onto one low interest card, you can attack it more directly and keep it from spiraling completely out of control.

2. One monthly payment makes it easier to make the payment on time. Instead of remembering half a dozen different payment due dates, you only have ONE. No more worries about missing or late payments because one of your credit cards fell off the radar.

3. Having one credit card and one monthly payment lets you concentrate your efforts and apply a larger chunk of money where it counts. Add up all the minimum monthly payments that you're making now. Then compare balance transfer credit cards by minimum monthly payments to see how it stacks up to your current monthly payment. Chances are that the amount of money you're currently paying out to meet all of your minimum payments will be far above the minimum monthly payment on a balance transfer credit card - which means that with every payment you'll be hacking away at the outstanding balance and making your way toward being debt-free.

How to Compare Balance Transfer Credit Cards
If you do the math and decide that a balance transfer credit card is the right decision for you, then take the time to compare balance transfer credit cards and find the best one for you. While 0% balance transfer cards still exist, the days of no-strings 0% cards are fading away. Most balance transfer credit cards have certain limitations and requirements for their use.

You can check out the balance transfer credit cards on offer at moneyeverything.com to compare the various terms and find the balance transfer card that works best for you.

Once you've transferred all your balances to one card, be careful not to run your other cards up to limit again. Your best course is to keep one credit card active for use in emergency - or for your everyday purchases - and pay off that card in full every single month. That way you won't find yourself in the situation of paying down double the debt because you've run it up all over again.

Car Donation Tax Law

So you are looking at donating your car to charity and get yourself a tax deduction, huh? Well back in 2005 there was new legislation enacted by the government that made it harder for donors to claim a deduction for a car donation.

There has been a lot of confusion in this area, some people have stayed away from giving these types of gifts, but interesting enough the government has found that the new law has not done a lot to curb abuses.

With this in mind, if you are going to claim a deduction for this time of gift, which is a car donation, just make sure that you follow the rules so you do not find yourself on the other end and be audited by the IRS.

Many people have had problems trying to understand the new rules so I am going to try break it down into simple terms for you now. Basically you can no longer use the Fair Market Value to determine your deduction. If your car is worth more than five hundred dollars you need to wait for the charity to sell the car and let you know how much it received at auction.

If your car is worth less than five hundred dollars, you can still use the Fair Market Value (FMV). There are a few other circumstances when the Fair Market Value may apply such as if the charity keeps the vehicle for their own charitable purposes or sells it as a discount to someone who is in need.

Young Life
It is a mission community composed of Christ-centered people. They are committed to giving the youth a sharing of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. They build a personal relationship with the youth through sharing life experiences, where in, the Gospel can be reflected.

Western Slope Boys and Girls Club
Their mission is enabling and inspiring young people to become productive, responsible and caring citizens. They assure that every youth can share in fulfilling their goals while experiencing new opportunities. Their staff is focused on building a sense of belongingness, usefulness, competence and a sense of influence among its members.

Voices of Musica Sacra
This chamber chorus has a mission of sharing their talents and services. They usually perform sacred choral music intended for the benefit of their local national as well as international communities. The chorus presents an annual Christmas and spring concert together with various church organizations and communities for their worship services.

Tri City Homeless Coalition
Their mission is to battle homelessness in the Southern Alameda country. They provide shelters and a stable and peaceful living environment for their clients. Aside from providing shelter, they also fight to counteract the causes of homelessness and help bring back homeless people to a positive community with interdependence.

Mesothelioma Lawyers

People suffering from Mesothelioma are provided with the legal right by Maryland law to file a Mesothelioma lawsuit. Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that happens because of asbestos exposure. You are much more susceptible to this illness if you've worked wherever the chance of inhaling asbestos debris was high. For those who have been diagnosed with Mesothelioma, you may get compensation from the celebration accountable for your publicity to asbestos by way of a Mesothelioma lawsuit.

Mesothelioma is a critical disease; oftentimes generating its presence felt 20 or thirty years following exposure. You would like to commence the healthcare treatment immediately in order have more than a one year|twelve months survival rate. When submitting Georgia Mesothelioma lawsuits, you should have a correct comprehending of all of the intricacies which are associated with filing lawsuits. Make sure you employ a qualified and skilled Mesothelioma lawyer because only then are you able to attain success in your lawsuit.

Mesothelioma, the disease of mesothelium, is a painful one mingled with costly treatment. Mesothelium is the overlaying made across the heart, lungs and different essential organ of human body. It protects the organs from injury when beating towards the body wall. Generally in case of involuntary muscles in human body, as located in heart, stomach, lungs etc, the mesothelium performs essential role.

In the course of respiration system the air is taken in, get purified in lungs and once again the contaminated blood filled with carbon-di-oxide is taken out. In the course of the mentioned purification process if any small or even microscopic particles are inhaled unexpectedly then those debris can't come out effortlessly from lungs and linger caught within the mesothelium. If such particles debris get accrued in big quantity in lungs, then it causes a lot kind of lungs related or cardio-thoracic problems. In numerous cases it eventually results in cancer, known as mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma is a infrequent cancer kind that occurs because of asbestos exposure. It's got an effect on the liner of the lungs and abdominal cavity. Mesothelioma is a deadly illness with a mean survival time of simply twelve months following diagnosis. Your survival rate may easily increase if it is diagnosed early. Mesothelioma litigations in Baltimore offer you an opportunity to file a case against a party that's accountable on your situation.

No just one expects go to hospital following working with a firm that use asbestos within the manufacturing process. No one wish to handle an expensive lawyer in courtroom as it will take time, energy, productiveness time, not pointed out losses in all probability that would make employee pay additional money to organization who employ their situation much more over whether it is associated with Asbestos mesothelioma case before the courts claim.

Mesothelioma is a malignant tumor of the mesothelium the result of publicity to asbestos fibers. There is several fundamental details just one ought to be mindful of if he is thinking about pursuing an asbestos mesothelioma lawsuit. Previous to pursuing a lawsuit, he ought to search advice from a respectable mesothelioma lawyer for a better comprehension of mesothelioma law. A mesothelioma lawsuit give you just one with enough compensation that will assist cover his legal, medical, and on-going bills related to the mesothelioma cancer.

Federal US entitles people identified with mesothelioma to file a lawsuit against the errant company or companies. Mesothelioma, being a deadly sort of cancer, ruins the prospects of victims and their families. This efficiently signifies that mesothelioma lawsuits are essential something that may mitigate the sufferings of the family

In the past, as a consequence of being exposed to an asbestos material, there have been circumstances when the mesothelioma melanoma sufferers have gotten thousands in reparation for their cancer diagnosis. Lately, mesothelioma lawsuits help those who have become unwell with this cancer by supplying a array of reimbursements. Several of those litigations have answered people who have been in touch with asbestos linked substances at their workplace, and corporations are obliged to pay damages to their existing or former staff members for non-disclosure of the hazard entailed in touching asbestos and linked materials.

Some fundamental elements must be taken under consideration by victims discovered to endure mesothelioma cancer and are capable of file a mesothelioma lawsuit.

What are mesothelioma lawsuits and just how do they arise?
$5 million continues to be recovered from your mesothelioma litigation filed on behalf of a 70-year-old man who passed faraway from malignant mesothelioma. The man was exposed to mesothelioma causing asbestos at work. His profession called for fitting asbestos that contains ceiling tiles. He breathed in asbestos fibers launched by the tiles everyday. The fibers have been launched whenever he reduce and in good shape the tiles. In addition, he was also exposed to asbestos from working alongside drywall installers who produced asbestos dust from using only asbestos that contains joint compound.

Is mesothelioma curable? The straight answer to this query is 'No'. Well, you will find drugs and treatments that assist in easing the pain sensation and should aid to extend life, however these remedies aren't sufficient to save life. Mesothelium refers back to the wrapping structure of nearly all of the bodily organs in our system and mesothelioma is the cancer that occurs in mesothelium.

It has been reported that deaths attributable to mesothelioma cancer in England is increasing. According to at least one estimate, 2,249 men and women died from malignant mesothelioma in 2008 whereas 2,156 died from the sickness in From 2006 to 2008, northeastern England was the geographic area with the very best incidence of mesothelioma deaths. The male demise rate was 1 per million. Southeastern England adopted having a male death rate of 74 deaths per million people.

The asbestos cancer mesothelioma is a threat to the lives of many Navy veterans. This really is as the Navy used asbestos-containing items extensively. Several instances of asbestos-containing goods are gaskets, adhesives, cables and valves. The areas of a ship wherever asbestos may have been present are several and take on boiler rooms, mess halls, engine rooms and navigation rooms. Ships involve a too high risk of asbestos exposure due to many areas on board ships are closed, which means that asbestos fibers can't escape. As such, asbestos fibers on board a ship are likely to dealt with by ship personnel.
You or a loved just one has just been diagnosed with Mesothelioma. Your mind and emotions are on a curler coaster ride, not understanding much if anything about this deadly cancer, and never knowing wherever to show for Mesothelioma monetary help. There is assist in the storm. Listed here are many methods to locate Mesothelioma monetary aid whenever you require it after being diagnosed with Mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma is a deadly cancer that's the result of exposure to asbestos fibers, and this cancer can cut lifespan to a point of months from the onset of symptoms. Over recent years, the amount of mesothelioma instances coming to light has risen quite dramatically, as well as in line with this, the amount of mesothelioma litigations being filed has also increased. Due to mesothelioma lawsuits became such huge business, a lot law firms and lawyers now specialize during this area, generating it simpler for all those affected by this disease to obtain the legal assistance they have to file a mesothelioma lawsuit.

A diagnosis of mesothelioma because of industrial asbestos exposure may be daunting, both emotionally and logistically. A myriad of questions show up that may appear at initial difficult to locate answers for. This article serves as a guide to those most-often requested questions regarding mesothelioma and submitting a litigation coping with mesothelioma.

Secured Homeowner Loans

Secured homeowner loans are a type of secured loan that is taken against the security. This type of loan is taken based on the equity available. As the loan is secured against your home, lenders feel no security risk, if any. That's why; lenders offer such loans at lower interest rates and for a longer period of time.

There are many factors that can affect your secured homeowner loans. These are mentioned below:

The home equity:

The amount you want to borrow,

Where to apply for a loan,

Interest rates.

If you are a property owner, it really makes sense to use the value of your property i.e., the equity attached with your home. You can borrow the amount on the basis of the equity attached. Home equity means the present value of your property minus any outstanding debt attached with it. Higher the equity higher will be the loan amount that can be borrowed by you.

Secured homeowner loans can be used for many reasons such as home improvement, debt consolidation, buying a car, children's higher education, holidays, etc. If you have any financial needs or burdens, you can look for secured homeowner loans. The most important question that may come in your mind is the loan procedure and whom to approach.

There are many lenders in the financial market who provide secured homeowner loans. There are certain things that you need to take care of. To get a better loan deal, you will have to shop around in the market. This can be done through the Internet. Never stick to only one lender. Always look for more options and choose the best one as per your requirement.

Finance is not a big problem now. Obtain secured homeowner loans and gratify all your needs and demands.

When it comes to choosing lawyers to represent you in any law suit, their success records become very crucial. A lawyer with poor records will ruin your chances of being compensated even if you genuinely deserve it. Always go for those lawyers with high success rates.

Before you make the final decision, ask to talk to some of the lawyers past clients. This way, you will get to hear from people with firsthand experience working with the solicitor. You would expect that a good solicitor will have positive reviews from his/her past customers and vice versa for a non-reputable one.

With the above tips in mind, you should be able to find the very best attorneys for your injury case. You should also consider involving the lawyer sooner rather than later, this will make your case stronger. Remember that there are no fees involved upfront until and unless you receive the benefits.

Home Insurance premium

Home Insurance premium

Home Insurance premium can be different depending not only on your personal data (driving record, mileage, age, car model, marital status, etc), but also on the state where you live. One of the most expensive property and casualty insurance premiums is in Florida; the main reason is that the area is prone to natural disasters. Car insurance in this state is expensive because the companies must logically increase the rates to cover losses by natural disasters. In the event of major natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes, your car can be excessively damaged beyond repair, and the resulting insurance claims mean a great deal of expense for the insurers.

Expired Driver's license

In all states, it is illegal to drive a car without driver's license. Of course, while you are driving, it is almost impossible for any police officer to realize that you actually don't have a valid driver's license simply by taking a glance. The officer has to pull you over and ask for the license to figure out about it. You will be pulled over normally because you commit traffic violations such as going over the speed limit (speeding), reckless driving, disobey road signs, etc. In case you are pulled over due to any reason, the officer will not only ask for driver's license, but also vehicle registration and proof of insurance. If you fail to produce any valid proof, your license is probably suspended and your insurance company possibly cancel your policy (usually because of DUI or other major offenses). It means you must get car insurance quotes immediately to reinstate your license.

A full unrestricted driver's license is valid for a few years; the validity of learner's permit and restricted license are different. Before your license expires, the DHSMV (Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles) will mail a renewal notice. You are actually allowed to renew the valid license up to 18 months before it expires. If you are caught without valid driver's license, you will receive a traffic ticket, probably your car will be impounded, points added to driving record, etc. If at that time you have valid insurance, the company will not cancel your policy unless you keep the driver's license expired until the day of insurance renewal. The DMV will not inform about this issue to any car insurance, but your insurer will probably notice the tickets in your driving records.

DMV allows you to renew the license up to 12 months after the expiration date, but you have to pay additional late fee. Insurance companies normally check your driving record before renewal; if the company finds that you have not yet reinstated the license, you may not be allowed to renew whatever coverage you currently have. As mentioned earlier, having valid driver's license is one of the basic requirements to get auto insurance. Without it, you may not be able to purchase auto insurance coverage. You will be able to get car insurance quotes again after you renew the license. The rules regarding this issue can be different from company to company, meaning you have to consult an agent or simply call your insurer for specific details.

DMV does not notify any car insurance about every update in your driving record; the company has to ask for this information. The updated driving record will be used as variable to determine new premium rates or if your policy can be renewed. An expired driver's license ticket is not actually a major offense, so the worst thing that can happen is increased premium. The exact amount of the increase depends on the company.

If your Home Insurance premium is cancelled because you fail to renew or reinstate the driver's license in time, you must get car insurance quotes from another company as soon as possible. You can utilize the Internet to compare prices, requirements, and even estimate the premium rates by using online calculator. Unfortunately, finding affordable car insurance can be quite tricky because the area is simply exposed to numerous perils. It is always a good idea to keep a good relationship with an agent who you can consult to. An independent agent does not work for any company, meaning the agent will be able to choose the best coverage and price on depending on your personal circumstances and do the necessary procedures on your behalf.

Right Auto Insurance Agent

People that own a vehicle are often quite anxious about their obligations and responsibilities that go along with it. Many of the difficulties that people face are based on their needs for ensuring that all facets of their ownership are kept as legal and viable as possible while being protected from liability and other difficulties. People that are focused on this phase of their ownership should know the fundamentals of deciding on the right auto insurance agent to make sure their needs will be fully managed.

Car insurance policies are designed to offer consumers the protection they need from damage and liability in the event of a collision. Most people are focused on this kind of coverage when trying to be assured they are able to keep up with their legal obligations of ownership as well as having peace of mind while on the road. The use of a well trained agent is actually quite common and helpful in many levels.

Consumers in San Antonio, TX that are searching for this kind of professional have a large number of competitors to weigh in. Most people are not clear about all that is necessary when interested in the chance to make sure their vehicles receive the most comprehensive protection possible. Filtering through numerous ideas is often quite helpful in narrowing down the options.

Review posts that have been created about the professional should be the most preliminary focus by anyone in need. Reviews are quite helpful in offering consumers an opportunity to make sure they are offered the insights that they need for making a productive and effective selection. The top rated professionals are the best to focus on when being confident a great source of oversight will be offered.

Any company affiliations of the professional in question should also be carefully considered. Agents are typically part of a larger corporation that is focused on using trained service providers in various regions to help create a stronger base of competition in local communities. Professionals clearly market their affiliations which can then be useful in actually making a great choice.

Convenience should also be considered when making this difficult decision. Consumers usually learn that that deciding to use a professional that is unable to be accessed in a comprehensive and proactive manner is much more difficult to contend with than originally imagined. Concentrating on the professionals that offer flexible operating hours and close locations is helpful in creating a great value.

Consumers should additionally focus on the chance to make sure the professional is pleasant and effective. The actual opportunity to use a professional that is friendly and outgoing is one of the most effective aspects of ensuring that all purchasing needs will be proactively managed. Consumers are known to focus heavily on this phase of their efforts during a preliminary meeting.

Consumers are additionally focused on the chance to make sure the professional offers affordable service fees. The costs of using this kind of professional can be quite difficult to concentrate on as insurance is difficult enough to pay for. Consumers should focus on the most affordable professionals as part of creating a more comprehensive base of service.

About the Author:

You can visit www.laskowskiinsurance.com for more helpful information about Deciding The Right Auto Insurance Agent.

Florida Alcohol Rehab Center

There are many Florida alcohol rehab facilities that offer results for alcoholics in the entire state. However, Florida alcohol rehab facilities do not limit their services to Floridians alone, as they will take any person who believes they have a problem with alcohol for treatment. It is a fact that alcohol abuse impacts child welfare, criminal justice systems and the health care system for everyone. Since Florida is the 4th biggest in the US when it comes to population, it makes sense that alcohol abuse has an impact of about $20 billion annually to the state.

Florida alcohol rehab results show that the facilities that offer detox and medications to help secure a comfortable and safe detox experience have more than a 75% success rate. There are factors that help aide these numbers such as the medical facility and staff, the atmosphere of the facility as well as offering personal liberties instead of feeling institutionalized. When a facility offers a home like atmosphere, on average 93% of participants will continue with their stay and complete rehab. When the Florida alcohol rehab facility offers a supportive staff that participants feel they can come to when they leave, up to 96% of the successful detox participants will continue to be clean and sober for at least 5 years.

The numbers may only be numbers to some, but to those that have a problem or have family members or friends who have a problem with alcohol, this is a promise. Florida alcohol rehab facilities that do not have the supportive staff members or simply see their job as just a job, the participants are seen to relapse within 12 months of completing their treatment. The status of the facility in statistics has a major impact on how many participants that truly want to be rehabilitated will stay in their program. The lower the statistics for a facility, the possibility exists that fewer participants will continue with sobriety more than 1 year.

Those facilities that offer education and have an open door policy for those participants to always have someone to talk to about their problem have a higher success rate. Facilities that help to treat the withdrawal symptoms, offer a relaxed atmosphere with little stress and follow up services are more apt to have a healthier participant success rate than others. For more information on your specific alcohol rehab facility and their statistics, contact them directly.

Besides being able to assist you get through the physical withdrawals, an alcohol rehab program can also assist you in getting through the emotional withdrawals. When one quits drinking they often do not realize just what a huge part of their life they are changing. Most alcoholics are generally around others who drink and go out. When you quit you may feel as though you have to remove yourself from those people and that part of your life. You may feel depressed, anxious and tired all the time. With the professionals that are available at an alcohol rehab program you can get the emotional support you need to get through that hard time. You may also be introduced to the 12 step program to help you when you are finally ready to leave your alcohol rehab program.

Mortgage Calculator

Finding mortgage loan offers in the UK is not difficult. From newspaper advertisements to surfing the Internet, mortgage loans sporting low interest rates and additional benefits to entice borrowers to sign up are literally everywhere. But, when a mortgage offer claims that it can save 'x' amount over the competition, how can you be sure just how much it will save you when applied to your own mortgage loan? Moreover, if the deal offered is short-term, how much will the offer's standard mortgage rates compare with the mortgage rates you are currently paying for your loan? The answer to these conundrums is to compare the mortgage offers against each other, and to do this we need a loan calculator mortgage calculator.

Making comparisons with a loan calculator mortgage calculator

A loan calculator mortgage calculator is a clever little web program that is freely available on many loan and mortgage related websites. The principal behind a loan calculator mortgage calculator is quite simple - input the amount of the mortgage loan into the calculator along with the interest rate applied to the loan and the loan duration, hit the 'submit' button and 'hey presto' you have a schedule of monthly loan repayments. So, for two or more mortgage offers you can enter the loan parameters into the calculator along with your mortgage balance and get an idea of what a particular mortgage offer will cost you each month, as well as what it will cost you in total over the lifetime of the loan.

To accurately compare your loan calculator results for different mortgage offers it is a good idea to print off each set of loan calculations from the calculator and make a side-by-side analysis of them. If the calculator you are using cannot handle multiple interest rates across the life of the loan then you may need to do several calculations to arrive at the final loan cost before making your side-by-side comparison. As an example, if you were to spend say 4 years on a fixed interest rate of 4.5%, and then change to a standard rate of 6.75% you will need to make two calculations - one at 4.5% to work out repayments across the first 4 years, and then a second calculation at 6.75% for the remainder of the mortgage term.

Aside from mortgage loan comparisons a loan calculator mortgage calculator can be used to work out how much of a mortgage loan you can afford in the first place. To do this simply choose a calculator that allows you to 'reverse' the calculation process by entering the repayment amount that you want to pay / can afford to pay each month and the interest rate. The calculator will take the loan input information and from it extrapolate the total mortgage loan you can apply for. Do bear in mind though that mortgage companies are rarely willing to lend more than 3.5 times your salary on a 75% mortgage or any loan greater than 75%.

Addiction Rehab Centres

Rehab centres are not just for celebrities, despite what gossip magazines might lead you to believe. Rehabilitation centres help those with drug or alcohol addictions to detox safely, undertake counselling and prepare for a life without drugs or alcohol.

Rehabilitation clinics are staffed by medical professionals who can offer support, therapy and sometimes medication.

Rehab centres aren't the only way to beat an addiction to drink or drugs, but for many they help because it takes them away from their everyday life and the addictive routines and behaviours they have become used to. A spell in rehab also gives you the time to think and relax while you stop drinking or taking drugs.

In addition, staying in a residential clinic can help the family and close friends of an addict as it provides them with a break and peace of mind that their loved on is getting professional help.

Who will be at a rehab centre?

The professionals who will work with you in rehab include:

    Therapists
    Counsellors
    Doctors
    Nurses

The staff members will have a specialism in working with addiction and this can often make it easier to feel comfortable around them.

Will rehab work for me?

Rehabilitation is not a silver bullet for beating addiction. It will still require lots of commitment on the addicted person's part if they are to curb their reliance on drugs or alcohol. However, there is a good chance that a rehab centre will help you quit drink or drugs.

The break a residential clinic offers can make it easier to quit than if you were also trying to maintain your everyday lifestyle. However, it is a temporary measure and you'll need to be able to cope in the real world. That's why it's important to understand from the outset that rehab is not about a quick fix but about long-term change.

The cost of rehab

Residential rehab clinics are not cheap. However, do your research before you dismiss the idea. Remember that in some cases there may be help available for treatment from the NHS or other means-tested funding.

What happens in rehab?

Obviously you will not be allowed any drink or drugs in rehab. You will probably be searched on arrival and you will have to sign an agreement that you will not drink or take drugs.

You may be prescribed medication to ease symptoms of detoxing such as nausea, shakes and sweating.

You will receive therapy and counselling on a regular basis and in many cases it's possible that your family can also be involved in this process if that is what you want.

Pay As You Go Car Insurance

They call arguments heated when they escalate. The situation just got hotter or more intense. The blood rushes to the face and those that are considered "hot" are receiving an emotional charge that makes them feel that way. The heat usually begins to interfere with judgment and filters, making people say and do things they later regret.

There is finally a market for this kind of driver when it comes to insurance. Those that rarely drive their cars are being rewarded for saving the environment with a pay as you go policy that allows you to only pay as much insurance as you use.

Those that have tested the policy have only good reviews. Not only were they able to save money but they were inspired to use their cars even less. Saving money on gas didn't seem to inspire quite as much as the bonus of also saving money on insurance. They were prompted to bike instead of drive sometimes, just to save a little more.

Changing your oil regularly at an auto shop or by yourself is essential to keeping your engine running for a very long-time to come. Change it often. Change your air filter. A very dirty air filter can actually reduce your fuel economy, performance, and emissions. Filters that are really caked with dirt will need to be removed, but not every dirty one will be. A slightly dirty one will actually help you more that it will hinder (as it's collected enough big particles to help block out the small ones).

Only if a majority of your employees in that congested area complain should you turn it up. Even then, be careful that you don't make it too warm. Another point of consideration is the placement of any mechanical equipment that heats up. This includes computer towers, copiers, printers, fax machines, and the like.

In accordance with this, driving would begin to decrease, tentatively starting at 8 percent on the national level. The environment would benefit as well, with less oil usage and carbon emissions, dropping 2 and 4 percent, respectively.

Computer towers placed with the fan blowing directly on people's skins is bound to create problems. Copiers placed near desks will raise temperatures by a few degrees, not to mention the fact that they're noisy. Computers should be placed in such a way that the fan does not blow directly on your employees. They can be positioned on the desk, but behind the monitor. You can also hide them under the desk with the fan facing away from where your employees legs will be. Just make sure the fan points elsewhere.

If you drive less than 10,000 miles a year, live in Florida, and looking for a good auto insurance quote, your best bet may be a pay as you go plan offered by Rateme1 Insurance.

The rates are much lower than average insurance policies, especially as it is still new and was only recently tested in a few cities. Be one of the first to experience it and start saving money today. Not only will you be saving money but you will be saving the environment and starting a new initiative to continue this progress in the future as well.

About the Author:

Heuer Insurance is a home grown independent insurance agency in Reno, Nevada. Our purpose is to provide residents with the best auto insurance Reno, Nevada has to offer.

Auto Insurance Policy Price

The average auto insurance policy price is derived from a variety of factors. Many of these variables are common knowledge and make sense for the most part but it's always a good idea to refresh yourself with what insurance companies are looking for when determining how much your coverage will cost.

Driving Record - Your auto insurance policy price is determined from 6 major areas. The first is your driving record. The key thing to remember is the better your driving record the lower your total cost to insure your automobile. This would include auto accidents, speeding tickets and believe it or not if you've gone without insurance for several years. The good thing is that you can directly control many of these factors. Concentrate on keeping a clean driving record and this area shouldn't cause your rates to be outrageous.

Coverage Amount - Do a self check sometime and call your insurance company up to see what impact raising and lowering your deductibles and coverage amount has on the price of your insurance. Raising a deductible lowers your monthly payment. Increasing the deductible has the opposite effect. The same goes for the actual coverage amounts.

Age - Case studious have proven that younger drivers are involved in more accidents then older drivers. This potential to be involved in a collision is a result of inexperience behind the wheel of an automobile. Generally speaking most insurance companies charge more for individuals under the age of 25.

Vehicle Model and Driving Mileage - If your interested in that fancy new sports car you may want to check how much it will effect your auto insurance policy price. Thanks in large part to theft, vehicular costs and safety records some cars rate a higher premium over other vehicles. As if it wasn't bad enough the amount of annual miles you place on your vehicle through driving can increase your auto policy. The average used is 10,000 miles in a year. If you exceed that total then you can expect a rate increase based on your increased potential to be involved in an auto accident.

Your Residence - It's a pretty safe bet that you'll pay more for your auto insurance policy if you live in a big city when compared to a nice farm out in the country. The city probably has more thefts and accidents, which lead to higher costs absorbed by the insurance company and then passed along to the consumer when the insurance companies determine your auto insurance policy price.

Hopefully this information can help you focus in on some areas within your auto policy that you can review with your insurance agent in the hopes of actually lowering your auto insurance rates instead of raising them.

The Credit Card

The story of the credit card is one of the most important success stories in world history. While today's consumer-driven economy has led to what some may call an over-abundance of credit card usage, the invention of the credit card stems all the way back to the nineteenth century. The concept of a credit card was first espoused by Edward Bellamy in 1887, in his utopian novel "Looking Backward" and its sequel "Equality". This idea rapidly developed into a tangible phenomenon: in 1914, Western Union began issuing its most regular customers with charge cards, and the industry grew even further during the American boom economy of the 1920s, for the specific purposes of selling more fuel to car owners. In 1938, companies began to accept each others credit cards, expanding the industry even further.

In 1950, Ralph Schneider and Frank X. McNamara began using the credit card to pay merchants, in order to consolidate multiple purchases. Originally founded as simply Diners Club, their company is now known as Diners Club International and was the first independent credit card company in the world, closely followed by American Express. In 1958, the Bank of America created the "BankAmericard", a product which eventually became, together with "Chargex", the modern Visa card. Mastercard was first issued in 1966, when a small group of credit-issuing banks established "MasterCharge". 1966 also marked the advent of the credit card in Britain, and APACS, the UK Payments Association, has recently issued a guide celebrating the 40th anniversary of the credit card.

It is important to note the differing trends in the take-up of credit cards around the world. In the US, the highly consumer driven economy of the early twentieth century meant that the use of charge cards quickly became common practice, and they were soon to be an institutional part of everyday life. In Britain though, while the take-up of the credit card was in general slower, the same pattern has emerged. APACS estimates that there are currently 31.6 million credit cardholders in the UK; that's an average of 2.4 credit cards per person, with major credit card companies like Barclaycard credit cards continuing to bring out newer, more flexible offers for customers. Indeed, the abundance of credit card companies in the market has inspired a whole set of credit comparison sites, such as Moneynet's credit card comparisons, so consumers can make more informed decisions on which credit cards to use.

Yet in many European countries, such as Germany, France and Switzerland, the take-up of credit cards has historically been much slower. It was only in the 1990s that credit card usage statistics reached anywhere near the levels achieved in the USA, Canada or Britain. In many of these countries, the acceptance of credit cards is still strongly tied to the perception of the banking system, whether or not they are generally trusted. But in a strange change of trend, new chip-based credit cards were introduced much faster in places like France, partly due to the nature of the legislative framework surrounding banking system overdrafts. These chip-based cards are now seen to be important devices to guard against fraud, and will prove crucial in the future development of the credit card worldwide.

The next step toward applying for a merchant credit card account is to submit the application. Some lenders provide an online form that you can submit electronically, although you may be charged a fee for this privilege. Other loan agents will let you download a print application that you can complete in ink and mail by U.S. post. Either way, you will probably receive a response to your application within a few days by e-mail or in a letter. If your application is accepted, you can immediately begin to use your credit line and service package to set up a credit card processing system. Working with an account associate, you can arrange to install a credit card processor at your store's checkout area. Or you can buy a wireless model for several hundred dollars and take it with you on the road when you service computers or appliances, or make deliveries to homes or businesses. Discuss the applications of your new merchant account with the loan officer to clarify limits and equipment options for your company's use. 

Mortgage Calculator to Calculate a Mortgage

What you need if you are looking to buy a house or a real estate property is a mortgage calculator and a loan calculator. These tools can help you understand and provide you the basic cost associated with your mortgage loan payments. To calculate a mortgage means you need these tools to be able to analyze and determine how much mortgage can I afford. Mortgage calculator to calculate a mortgage is the essential tool that can provide answers to your house hunting processes, estimates, questions and queries.

Home loan hunting and the process you have to through can be a daunting job especially if you are a first time home buyer. It will not be easy because there are so many factors you have to deal with. Things like how much can I borrow for a mortgage. The calculations of the projected monthly payments and different interest rates are not easy to accomplish especially if it is done manually or by hand mathematically. But now you do not have to deal with manual calculations because of online mortgage calculators.

There are so many types of mortgage calculator ranging from the simple one like a simple mortgage calculator or a rent versus hone buying calculator. Another is one that will calculate how much can I afford or will calculate how much can I borrow. These types of queries and questions that you may need answers can be done through these tools. To calculate a mortgage is much easier now than ever. With several online mortgage calculators available and free to use from the internet, I bet you will not have a problem with your estimates and calculations.
These are the only tools available online to calculate your home loan queries. If you are interested in the amortization schedule, there are tools that can calculate how much you will be paying monthly. Not only that there is a mortgage refinance calculators if you need to make some calculations about refinancing you current home loan. So there is no shortage of tools available at your finger tips if you ever decide to research on the possibilities and projections you need for your finances.

You may not have heard about these but you have to understand that there is almost any type of calculator online that you can utilize. Things like; qualification, simple savings, mortgage payment, basic mortgage payment, balloon calculator, prepayment calculator, Canadian calculator and mortgage duration calculator. All these tools can be find on the internet and you can freely use them. But just a word of caution, make sure to read the website term of use so that you will not be in trouble.

The main reason that you will need a mortgage calculator to calculate a mortgage is to determine whether it makes sense for you to buy a house or continue to rent. So whether you are purchasing a new house or want to refinance, a mortgage calculator to calculate a mortgage is what you need to know how much can I borrow for a mortgage.

Affordable Credit Insurance Broker

When it comes to getting a credit insurance broker, you probably have many questions about what you need. You may even be wondering why you need a credit insurance broker to begin with. The bottom line is that you have many things to worry about where your business is concerned. Making sure that you are profitable is a problem that reaches to just about every area of your business. Bad debt can quickly ruin your profitability.

However, you have many things that you do every day to keep your business running. You do not have time to worry about whether your debtors' payments are on time. Depending on the size of your business, it may even take several phone calls, spreadsheets and reports to figure out how much outstanding debt you currently have. For that reason, you need someone to help ensure that you get paid the money that debtors owe you. You cannot afford to have bad debt.

Know Your Needs

The first thing that you need to do when looking for a credit insurance broker is to know your needs. Depending on the size of your company, you will need someone who is experienced at working with all different kinds of businesses. You want to work with someone who knows what questions to ask you and the solutions that best fit your needs. Credit insurance is probably not something that you know all about, so it will be important to find someone who knows what you do not to fill in the gaps for you.

Shop Around

Take the time to shop around and find the right broker for your company. You want to hire someone that you feel comfortable with, whose professionalism and experience are on the scale that you require. So, do some research, ask other business owners and shop around to decide who the best broker will be for your company.

Check Credentials

When you have decided on a company that you want to work with, check into their credentials. Look at testimonials from past clients and request a previous client list, so that you can see who they have worked with before. Nothing speaks to a broker's ability to handle your needs more than the needs they have met for past clients.

When looking for a credit insurance broker, it is easy to get overwhelmed. When you know the basics of what you need and take the time to research your options, you should be able to find the right broker for your business.

DISCLAIMER

No person should rely on the contents of this publication without first obtaining advice from a qualified professional person. This publication is sold on the terms and understanding that (1) the authors, consultants and editors are not responsible for the results of any actions taken on the basis of information in this publication, nor for any error in or omission from this publication; and (2) the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, professional or other advice or services. The publisher, and the authors, consultants and editors, expressly disclaim all and any liability and responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything, and of the consequences of anything, done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon the whole or any part of the contents of this publication. Without limiting the generality of the above, no author, consultant or editor shall have any responsibility for any act or omission of any other author, consultant or editor.

Next Credit Card

I recently read an article about a technology company that the writer said would change the way we use credit cards. It reminded me of the "old days" when the merchant would place the plastic card into a machine which imprinted the credit information on a triplicate receipt (does anyone still use those old things?) with carbon copies. One copy would go to the merchant, one to the credit card company, and one to me. The evolution of the credit card with a magnetic strip made credit cards faster to process, more accurate to use, and unfortunately, more easily used illegally by thieves. Also, the internet has made credit card fraud and theft much easier, since no one sees who buys the items, and no one signs for the sale in a traditional way.

The article writer spoke highly of this small technology company's products. The company makes SmartID's, programmable keycards, and other technological wonders. But, the really groundbreaking technology was the "fob technology available at gas stations." These are the small round or flat things that you attach to your key ring, and pass over a reader to give your information to the gasoline company. You never have to touch anything, sign anything, and a receipt promptly comes out of the pump for your records. Sweet! I myself have used these things to get free coffee at the gas stations by piling up "rewards points" after every purchase. The computer attached to the pump lets me know how many points I have accumulated, and if I have a free cup of coffee or breakfast roll awaiting me in the store. This seems like a wonderful thing, and it makes me very loyal to the stations that have these readers. I will pass by two perfectly good gas stations that don't have these readers to find one that does, in order to get my rewards points.

I have seen these fobs used at Exxon stations to pay for gas purchases at the pump. I don't have one of that kind of fobs. How it works is, you sign up for the service, give the company all your credit info, and the company assigns your fob ID number to your credit card number. Now you don't have to swipe a card anymore! All you do is hold up the fob to the pump's reader, and the pump receiver gets your ID number, and lets you pump a full tank. The total of the sale is sent electronically to the company, and your credit card is charged.

Now, we see the next step in the evolution of the new credit card. In 2005, JP Morgan Chase was the first major credit card company to issue this kind of technology on its Visas and Mastercards. So in theory, all of Chase's 94 million credit cards could have this technology added. Very nice! Now credit card sales can be faster and more accurate. What's not to like?

The benefits to the customer are obvious. Customers love the idea of not having to let the card out of their hands to make a transaction. No shifty waiter at a restaurant could compromise their credit information. As long as they maintain a tight watch on the Visa fob, there would be increased security and more fun associated with credit card purchases.

Security, however, is one of the main concerns surrounding this new credit card technology. In cases of online fraud or credit card theft, the fob would be a benefit, since no numbers or identifying information would be on the fob itself. But the same technology that makes transactions fast and easy could lead to the fobs being used without ID checks or any other verification that the credit card user is actually the owner of the card.

Is that a reason not to migrate to this new technology? I suspect that most people's answer would be "no." Most people I think would prefer the trade-off in some security leaks for the convenience of a quick, hands off transaction that would get them on their way faster. Some would argue that the security problems with the fobs would be no greater than the "old fashioned" credit card with a magnetic strip. Having no problems with demagnetized cards or damaged cards could be two good reasons to switch to the fob.

Time will tell if this technology catches on. We might see the magnetic strip credit card riding off into the sunset in just a few years. Then people will be carrying their credit cards on their key chains, like I carry my reward fob. What a world.